Reading Fundamentals #3:

The Elements of Effective Reading Instruction & Assessment

 

Instructor Name:

Dr. Karen Lea

Facilitator:

Mick R. Jackson MS/ED

Phone:

509-891-7219

Office Hours:

8 a.m. to 5 p.m. PST Monday - Friday

Email:

mick@virtualeduc.com

Address:

Virtual Education Software

 

23403 E Mission Avenue, Suite 220F

 

Liberty Lake, WA 99019

Technical Support:

support@virtualeduc.com

 

 

Introduction

This course will focus on grades K–3 and 4–12 reading instruction and an introduction to reading assessment. As part of these two key areas of reading instruction, the five elements of effective reading instruction for grades K–3 will be highlighted, including definitions, implications for instruction, and future directions. These five elements include instruction in phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and text comprehension. Additionally, the five elements of effective reading instruction for grades 4–12 will be highlighted, including definitions, implications for instruction, and future directions. These five elements include instruction in word study, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension, and motivation. The course will also provide information on important assessment terms and definitions and will explore how reading assessment fits within federally mandated programs. This analysis includes specific recommendations for understanding student reading needs using screening, diagnostic, and progress-monitoring assessments. Finally, the course describes how teachers can conduct and use pivotal curriculum-based measurement (CBM) procedures in their classrooms.

 

This computer-based instruction course is a self-supporting program that provides instruction, structured practice, and evaluation all on your home or school computer.  Technical support information can be found in the Help section of your course.

 

 

Course Materials (Online)

Title:

Reading Fundamentals #3: The Elements of Effective Reading Instruction & Assessment

Author:

Greg Benner, Ph.D., Nancy Marchand-Martella, Ph.D., and Ronald Martella, Ph.D.

Publisher:

Virtual Education Software, inc.  2004, Revised 2010, Revised 2014, Revised 2017, Revised 2020

Instructor:

Dr. Karen Lea

Facilitator:

Mick Jackson MS/ED

 

 

Academic Integrity Statement

The structure and format of most distance-learning courses presumes a high level of personal and academic integrity in completion and submission of coursework. Individuals enrolled in a distance-learning course are expected to adhere to the following standards of academic conduct.

 

Academic Work

Academic work submitted by the individual (such as papers, assignments, reports, tests) shall be the student’s own work or appropriately attributed in part or in whole to its correct source. Submission of commercially prepared (or group prepared) materials as if they are one’s own work is unacceptable.

 

Aiding Honesty in Others

The individual will encourage honesty in others by refraining from providing materials or information to another person with knowledge that these materials or information will be used improperly.

 

Violations of these academic standards will result in the assignment of a failing grade and subsequent loss of credit for the course.

 

 

Level of Application

This course is designed to be an informational course with application to reading programs for kindergarten through grade 12. The course is designed for both regular and exceptional education teachers and support staff who teach reading and reading remediation to public- and private-school students. This is the final course in a three-course series. Although it is not mandatory to complete all three courses, VESi recommends completing the entire series before developing and implementing a evidence-based reading program in your school or classroom.

 

 

Expected Learning Outcomes:

As a result of this course, participants will demonstrate their ability to:

  1. Describe learning to read and reading to learn.
  2. Discuss important aspects of phonemic awareness instruction.
  3. Identify important aspects of phonics instruction.
  4. Describe important aspects of fluency instruction.
  5. Note important aspects of vocabulary instruction.
  6. Discuss important aspects of text comprehension.
  7. Describe various aspects of teacher preparation and education in comprehension strategy instruction and reading instruction.
  8. Describe the major activities related to content-area reading instruction.
  9. Note how computer technology can be used in reading instruction.
  10. Explain the purpose and anchor and reading standards of the Common Core State Standards in English language arts.
  11. Provide details on the Consumer’s Guide to Evaluating a Core Reading Program by Simmons and Kame’enui (2003) and the Planning and Evaluation Tool for Effective Schoolwide Reading Programs by Kame’enui and Simmons (2000).
  12. Provide details on the Rubric for Evaluating Reading/Language Arts Instructional Materials for Kindergarten to Grade 5 by Foorman, Smith, and Kosanovich (2017).
  13. Outline the goals and approaches of RTI and MTSS, in general and with regard to reading remediation.
  14. Describe accomplishments that can be expected for students in grades K–3.
  15. Discuss important aspects of adolescent literacy instruction and assessment (grades 4–12).
  16. Discuss important aspects of word study and motivation.
  17. Describe reading remediation guidelines and interventions for students in grades K–12.
  18. Describe how to incorporate tutoring as an effective reading intervention.
  19. Define important assessment terms.
  20. Discuss technical quality, test interpretation, and assessment purposes.
  21. Note how assessment fits within federally mandated programs.
  22. Apply response to intervention (RTI) systems/multitier system of supports (MTSS) approaches to understand student reading needs, including screening, diagnosing where to focus instruction, and monitoring student reading progress.
  23. Discuss important ways of linking assessment with instruction.
  24. Detail the use of data-based decision-making in classroom settings, with particular focus on various types of curriculum-based measurement procedures.

 

 

Course Description

The Reading Fundamentals program focuses on implementing proven methods of reading instruction in classrooms. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 added two new reading programs to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act—Reading First and Early Reading First—both under the Bush Administration. Under the Obama Administration, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) became the main educational law for public schools. The Striving Readers Comprehensive Literacy program provided funding focused on advancing literacy skills for children from birth through grade 12. An emphasis was placed on evidence-based classroom instruction and assessment and targeted interventions for those reading below grade level. Race to the Top was another initiative offering funding. Under the Trump Administration, the Striving Readers Comprehensive Literacy program was renamed the Literacy Education for All, Results for the Nation (LEARN).

 

This course will focus on grades K–3 and 4–12. As part of these two key areas of reading instruction, prereading skills for preschoolers will be briefly described. Additionally, the five elements of effective reading instruction will be highlighted, including definitions, implications for instruction, and future directions. These five elements include instruction in phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and text comprehension (grades K–3); and word study, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension, and motivation (grades 4–12).

 

Further, we discuss information on teacher preparation in learning about comprehension strategy instruction and reading instruction and how to integrate computer technology into the classroom. Additionally, this course will describe the Consumer’s Guide to Evaluating a Core Reading Program by Simmons and Kame’enui (2006), a well-respected document for evaluating programs based on the National Reading Panel Report (NICHD, 2000). Also, the Planning and Evaluation Tool for Effective Schoolwide Reading Programs by Kame’enui and Simmons (2003) and the Rubric for evaluating reading/language arts instructional materials for kindergarten to grade 5 by Foorman, Smith, and Kosanovich (2017) will be addressed. Finally, this course will highlight the Common Core State Standards in English Language Arts and offer recommendations on increasing text complexity and the use of close reading in our schools, reading accomplishments by grade level, reading interventions for students in Grades K-12, and the use of tutoring programs.

 

We conclude with information on important assessment terms and definitions. Further, we provide information on how reading assessment fits within the Reading First Program. We include detailed information on the Analysis of Reading Assessment Instruments for K-3 (Institute for the Development of Educational Achievement, 2002) completed by key leaders in the assessment field. This analysis includes specific recommendations on 29 reading assessments. We describe how response to intervention (RTI) and multitier system of support (MTSS) are used to understand student reading needs, including screening, diagnosing where to focus instruction, and monitoring student reading progress over time. We demonstrate how teachers can link assessment with instruction and data-based decision making in classroom settings, with particular focus on pivotal curriculum-based measurement procedures.

 

 

Student Expectations       

As a student you will be expected to:

·         Complete all six information sections showing a competent understanding of the material presented in each section.

·         Complete all six section examinations, showing a competent understanding of the material presented.  You must obtain an overall score of 70% or higher, with no individual exam score below 50%, to pass this course.  *Please note: Minimum exam score requirements may vary by college or university; therefore, you should refer to your course addendum to determine what your minimum exam score requirements are.

·         Complete a review of any section on which your examination score was below 50%.

·         Retake any examination, after completing an information review, to increase that examination score to a minimum of 50%, making sure to also be achieving an overall exam score of a minimum 70% (maximum of three attempts). *Please note: Minimum exam score requirements may vary by college or university; therefore, you should refer to your course addendum to determine what your minimum exam score requirements are.

·         Complete a course evaluation form at the end of the course.

 

 
Course Overview

Chapter 1: Introduction to Reading Instruction

The purpose of this course is to consider what we can do in school to promote effective reading instruction. In this chapter, we focus on three elements of effective reading instruction for grades K–3. These are phonemic awareness, phonics, and fluency-building. We have labeled these elements under the heading Learning to Read. Learning to Read emphasizes decoding skills.

 

Chapter 2: Reading to Learn & Other Important Areas of Reading Instruction

In this chapter, we focus on reading to learn or comprehension of text materials from grades K–12. Two elements of effective reading instruction must be included to improve reading comprehension in the classroom: vocabulary instruction and text comprehension instruction. Additionally, content-area reading activities are described.

 

Chapter 3: Further Examination of Reading Programs & Skills

In this chapter, we provide further examination of reading programs and skills. We discuss how to evaluate core or comprehensive reading programs using the Consumer’s Guide developed by Simmons and Kame’enui (2003). We also discuss the Planning and Evaluation Tool (Kame’enui & Simmons, 2000) and the Rubric for Evaluating Reading/Language Arts Instructional Materials for Kindergarten to Grade 5 by Foorman, Smith, and Kosanovich (2017), which are used to assess reading programs. We conclude by discussing the important accomplishments by grade level as identified by Armbruster, Lehr, and Osborn (2003) in their booklet A Child Becomes a Reader: Proven Ideas From Research for Parents: Kindergarten Through Grade 3.

 

Chapter 4: Reading Remediation

In this chapter, we will describe interventions for students in grades K–12. We offer important guidelines for remedial reading programs. We focus on the importance of tutorial programs in schools. Tutorial programs are considered one of the best ways of providing reading instruction to struggling readers.

 

Chapter 5: Best Practices for Reading Assessment

This chapter describes relevant assessment terms and purposes. It is critical to understand the types of tests available to teachers and what information can be gathered from them. It also provides important information about how assessment fits within Reading First. Additionally, this chapter details the findings of the Reading First Assessment Committee. It also provides important information about how assessment currently fits within the Striving Readers Comprehensive Literacy program. Additionally, this chapter details the best practices from the Reading First Assessment Committee, the Florida Center for Reading Research, and the National Center for Intensive Intervention (NCII). Response to intervention (RTI) practices for understanding the literacy needs of students through screening, diagnostic, and progress-monitoring assessments are detailed.

 

Chapter 6: Linking Assessment With Instruction

This chapter lays out how to link reading assessment with instruction, meaning how to use assessment information to meet individual students’ literacy needs every day. It describes the ever-important link between assessment and instruction and how to problem-solve when student literacy needs are not being met. An outcomes-driven model is discussed. Additionally, the chapter explores data tracking and data-based decision-making, with particular focus on CBM and its derivatives (i.e., measures not based directly on a particular curriculum, but integrating CBM elements such as frequent progress monitoring). It discusses the DIBELS in addition to teacher-developed CBM practices that can serve as criterion-referenced tests when student data are compared with performance criteria. We highlight best practices for understanding the reading comprehension and motivation of striving readers (grades 4–12).

 

 

Examinations

At the end of each chapter, you will be expected to complete an examination designed to assess your knowledge. You may take these exams a total of three times. Your last score will save, not the highest score.  After your third attempt, each examination will lock and not allow further access.  Your final grade for the course will be determined by calculating an average score of all exams.  This score will be printed on your final certificate.  As this is a self-paced computerized instruction program, you may review course information as often as necessary. You will not be able to exit any examinations until you have answered all questions. If you try to exit the exam before you complete all questions, your information will be lost. You are expected to complete the entire exam in one sitting.

 

 

Facilitator Description

Reading Fundamentals #3: The Elements of Effective Reading Instruction & Assessment has been developed by a team of professionals with educational backgrounds in the areas of clinical psychology, direct reading, and phonetic instructional practices. Mick Jackson, the instructor of record, is a Behavioral Intervention Specialist with a Master's Degree in Special Education and Behavioral Theory and a minor in Reading Remediation.  He has 15 years’ combined experience in self-contained special education classrooms, resource rooms, and a hospital day treatment setting.  He has conducted oral seminars, presenting to school districts, teacher groups, and at educational conferences.  Please contact Professor Jackson if you have course content or examination questions.

 

 

Instructor Description

Karen Lea holds a Ph.D. in education. Dr. Lea has fifteen years’ experience teaching at the K-12 level and another fourteen years’ experience teaching education courses at the undergraduate and post-graduate level. Currently she is a coordinator for a cadre of instructional developers and project manager for aerospace online training. Dr. Lea has been professionally published over fifteen times and has served on over a dozen panels and boards, including serving on the NCATE (CAEP) Board of Examiners.  Please contact Professor Jackson if you have course content or examination questions.

                                                                                                                                                                                   

Contacting the Facilitator

You may contact the facilitator by emailing Professor Jackson at mick@virtualeduc.com or calling him at 800-313-6744 Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. PST. Phone messages will be answered within 24 hours. Phone conferences will be limited to ten minutes per student, per day, given that this is a self-paced instructional program. Please do not contact the instructor about technical problems, course glitches, or other issues that involve the operation of the course.

 

 

Technical Questions

If you have questions or problems related to the operation of this course, please try everything twice. If the problem persists please check our support pages for FAQs and known issues at www.virtualeduc.com and also the Help section of your course.

 

If you need personal assistance then email support@virtualeduc.com or call (509) 891-7219.  When contacting technical support, please know your course version number (it is located at the bottom left side of the Welcome Screen) and your operating system, and be seated in front of the computer at the time of your call. 

                                                        

Minimum Computer Requirements

Please refer to VESi’s website: www.virtualeduc.com or contact VESi if you have further questions about the compatibility of your operating system.

 

 

Refer to the addendum regarding Grading Criteria, Course Completion Information, Items to be Submitted and how to submit your completed information. The addendum will also note any additional course assignments that you may be required to complete that are not listed in this syllabus.

 

 

Bibliography (Suggested Readings)

Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Adams, M. J., Fillmore, L. W., Goldenberg, C., Oakhill, J., Paige, D. D., Rasinski, T., & Shanahan, T. (2020, January). Comparing reading research to program design: An examination of teachers college units of study. Student Achievement Partners. https://achievethecore.org/page/3240/comparing-reading-research-to-program-design-an-examination-of-teachers-college-units-of-study

Armbruster, B. B., Lehr, F., & Osborn, J. (2006a). A child becomes a reader: Proven ideas from research for parents: Birth to preschool (3rd ed.). Jessup, MD: National Institute for Literacy.

Armbruster, B. B., Lehr, F., & Osborn, J. (2006b). A child becomes a reader: Proven ideas from research for parents: Kindergarten to grade 3 (3rd ed.). Jessup, MD: National Institute for Literacy.

Armbruster, B. B., Lehr, F., & Osborn, J. (2006c). Put reading first: The research building blocks for teaching children to read: Kindergarten through grade 3 (3rd ed.). Jessup, MD: National Institute for Literacy.

ASCD. (2015). Elementary and secondary education act: Comparison of the No Child Left Behind Act to the Every Student Succeeds Act. Alexandria, VA: Author. http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/siteASCD/policy/ESEA_NCLB_ComparisonChart_2015.pdf

Baker, S., Geva, E., Kieffer, M. J., Lesaux, N., Linan-Thompson, S., Morris, J., Proctor, C. P., & Russell, R. (2014). Teaching academic content and literacy to English learners in elementary and middle school (NCEE No. 2014–4012). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (NCEE), Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED544783

Boardman, A. G., Roberts, G., Vaughn, S., Wexler, J., Murray, C. S., & Kosanovich, M. (2008). Effective instruction for adolescent struggling readers: A practice brief. Portsmouth, NH: RMC Research Corporation, Center on Instruction.

Bogaerds-Hazenber, S. T. M., Evers-Vermeul, J., & van den Bergh, H. (2020). A meta-analysis on the effects of text structure instruction on reading comprehension in the upper elementary grades. Reading Research Quarterly, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.311

Carnine, D., Silbert, J., Kame’enui, E., Slocum, T. A., & Travers, P. (2017). Direct instruction reading (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.

Castles, A., Rastle, K., & Nation, K. (2018). Ending the reading wars: Reading acquisition from novice to expert. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 19, 5–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100618772271

Cervetti, G., & Hiebert, E. H. (2015). The sixth pillar of reading instruction: Knowledge development. The Reading Teacher, 68, 548–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1343

Ciesielski, E. J. M., & Creaghead, N. A. (2020). The effectiveness of professional development on the phonological awareness outcomes of preschool children: A systematic review. Literacy Research and Instruction, 59(2), 121–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388071.2019.1710785

Ciullo, S., Ely, E., McKenna, J. W., Alves, K. D., & Kennedy, M. J. (2019). Reading instruction for students with learning disabilities in grades 4 and 5: An observation study. Learning Disability Quarterly, 42, 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731948718806654

Common Core State Standards Initiative website. (2015). http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/CCRA/R/

Consortium on Reading Excellence (2008). Assessing reading: Multiple measures for all educators working to improve reading achievement. Novato, VA: Arena Press.

Coyne, M. D., & Koriakin, T. A. (2017). What do beginning special educators need to know about implementing intensive reading interventions for students with disabilities? Teaching Exceptional Children, 49, 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040059916688648

Coyne, M. D., Zipoli, R. P., & Ruby, M. F. (2006). Beginning reading instruction for students at risk for reading disabilities: What, how, and when. Intervention in School and Clinic, 41(3), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/10534512060410030601

Deans for Impact. (2019). The science of early learning. Austin, TX: Deans for Impact.

Every Student Succeeds Act, S.1177, 114th Cong. (2015). Retrieved from http://edworkforce.house.gov/uploadedfiles/every_student_succeeds_act_-_conference_report.pdf

Farrall, M. L. (2012). Reading assessment: Linking language, literacy, and cognition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Foorman, B., Beyler, N., Borradaile, K., Coyne, M., Denton, C. A., Dimino, J., . . . Wissel, S. (2016). Foundational skills to support reading for understanding in kindergarten through 3rd grade (NCEE 2016-4008). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (NCEE), Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from the NCEE website: http://whatworks.ed.gov

Foorman, B. R., Lee, L. & Smith, K. (2020). Implementing evidence-based reading practices in K–3

classrooms. Education and Treatment of Children, 43, 49–55.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43494-020-00005-3

 

Foorman, B. R., Smith, K. G., & Kosanovich, M. L. (2017). Rubric for evaluating reading/language arts instructional materials for kindergarten to grade 5 (REL 2017–219). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Southeast. http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs

Fuchs, D., & Fuchs, L. S. (2007). Responsiveness to intervention [Special issue]. Teaching Exceptional Children, 39(5). http://www.centeroninstruction.org/files/TEC-vol.39no.52007.pdf

Fuchs, L. S., & Fuchs, D. (2007). A model for implementing responsiveness to intervention. Teaching Exceptional Children, 39(5), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/004005990703900503

Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., & Malone, A. S. (2017). The taxonomy of intervention intensity. Teaching Exceptional Children, 50(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040059917703962

Gersten, R., Compton, D., Connor, C. M., Dimino, J., Santoro, L., Linan-Thompson, S., & Tilly, W. D. (2008). Assisting students struggling with reading: Response to Intervention and multi-tier intervention for reading in the primary grades. A practice guide. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/Docs/PracticeGuide/rti_reading_pg_021809.pdf

Gorsuch, G., & Taguchi, E. (2010). Developing reading fluency and comprehension using repeated reading: Evidence from longitudinal student reports. Language Teaching Research, 14(1), 27–59. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.885.933&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Graham, S., Bollinger, A., Booth Olson, C., D’Aoust, C., MacArthur, C., McCutchen, D., & Olinghouse, N. (2012). Teaching elementary school students to be effective writers: A practice guide (NCEE No. 2012–4058). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (NCEE), Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED533112

Hanford, E. (2018). Hard words: Why aren’t kids being taught to read? APM Reports. https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2018/09/10/hard-words-why-american-kids-arent-being-taught-to-read

Hanford, E. (2019, August 22). At a loss for words: How a flawed idea is teaching millions of kids to be poor readers. APM Reports. https://www.apmreports.org/story/2019/08/22/whats-wrong-how-schools-teach-reading

Hall, S. L. (2018). 10 success factors for literacy intervention: Getting results with MTSS in elementary schools. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.

Hall, C., Roberts, G. J., Cho, E., McCulley, L. V., Carroll, M., & Vaughn, S. (2017). Reading instruction for English learners in the middle grades: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 29, 763–794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-016-9372-4

Hempenstall, K. (2004). The importance of effective instruction. In N. Marchand-Martella, T. Slocum, & R. Martella (Eds.), Introduction to direct instruction (pp. 1–27). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Honig, B., Diamond, L., & Gutlohn, L. (2018). The core reading sourcebook. Oakland, CA: Arena Press.

International Literacy Association. (2018). Explaining phonics instruction: An educator’s guide. Newark, DE: Author.

International Literacy Association. (2019a). Engagement and adolescent literacy. Newark, DE: Author.

International Literacy Association. (2019b). Meeting the challenges of early literacy phonics instruction. Newark, DE: Author.

International Literacy Association. (2019c). Right to knowledgeable and qualified literacy educators. Newark, DE: Author.

Jenkins, J. R., Hudson, R. F., & Lee, S. H. (2007). Using CBM-reading assessments to monitor reading progress. Perspectives on Language and Literacy, 33(2), 11–16. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED519252.pdf

Johnson, K., & Street, E. M. (2013). Response to intervention and precision teaching: Creating synergy in the classroom. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Kame’enui, E. J., & Simmons, D. C. (2000). Planning and evaluation tool for effective schoolwide reading programs – Revised (PET-R). Institute for the Development of Educational Achievement, College of Education, University of Oregon. https://dibels.uoregon.edu/docs/pet_r_form_user.pdf

Kamil, M. L., Borman, G. D., Dole, J., Kral, C. C., Salinger, T., & Torgesen, J. (2008). Improving adolescent literacy: Effective classroom and intervention practices: A practice guide (NCEE No. 2008–4027). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (NCEE), Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED502398

Kilpatrick, D. A. (2015). Essentials of assessing, preventing, and overcoming reading difficulties. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Korte, G. (2015, December 15). The Every Student Succeeds Act vs. No Child Left Behind: What’s changed? USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/12/10/every-student-succeeds-act-vs-no-child-left-behind-whats-changed/77088780/

Kress, J. E., & Fry, E. (2016). The reading teacher’s book of lists. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Kritikos, E. P., McLoughlin, J. A., & Lewis, M. B. (2018). Assessing students with special needs (8th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

Kuhn, M. R., Schwanenflugel, P. J., & Meisinger, E. B. (2010). Aligning theory and assessment of reading fluency: Automaticity, prosody, and definitions of fluency. Reading Research Quarterly, 45, 232–253. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.45.2.4

Lemons, C. J., Kearns, D. M., & Davidson, K. A. (2014). Data-based individualization in reading: Intensifying interventions for students with significant reading disabilities. Teaching Exceptional Children, 46(4), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040059914522978

Leonard, K. M., Coyne, M. D., Oldham, A. C., Burns, D., & Gillis, M. B. (2019). Implementing MTSS in beginning reading: Tools and systems to support schools and teachers. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 34, 110–117. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ldrp.12192

Liben, D., & Liben, M. (2019). Know better, do better: Teaching the foundations so every child can read. West Palm Beach, FL: Learning Sciences International.

Marchand-Martella, N. E., Blakely, M., & Schaefer, E. (2004). Aspects of schoolwide implementations. In N. E. Marchand-Martella, T. A. Slocum, & R. C. Martella (Eds.), Introduction to Direct Instruction (Chapter 10). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Marchand-Martella, N. E., Ruby, S., & Martella, R. C. (2007, May). A three-tier strategic model of intensifying reading instruction. Teaching Exceptional Children Plus, 3, Article 2. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ967459.pdf

Mather, N., & Wendling, B. J. (2012). Essentials of dyslexia assessment and intervention. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

McIntosh, K., & Goodman, S. (2016). Integrated multi-tiered systems of support: Blending RTI and PBIS. New York, NY: Guilford.

McKenna, M. C., & Stahl, K. A. D. (2015). Assessment for reading instruction. New York: Guilford Press.

Messer, D., Nash, G. (2017). An evaluation of the effectiveness of a computer‐assisted reading intervention. Journal of Research in Reading, 41, 140–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12107

Moats, L. C. (2002). Teachers: A key to helping America read. In S. Patton & M. Holmes (Eds.), The keys to literacy (2nd ed., online version) (pp. 27–35). Washington, DC: Council for Basic Education.

Moats, L. C. (2019). Teaching reading IS rocket science: What expert teachers of reading should know and be able to do. Washington, DC: American Federation of Teachers. American Educator, 44(2), 4–9, 39. https://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/reading_rocketscience_2004.pdf

National Center on Intensive Intervention. (2016). Tools chart user’s guide. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, National Center on Intensive Intervention.

National Reading Panel. (2000). Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Nese, J. F. T., Farley, D., & Anderson, D. (2019). Educator-reported instructional characteristics of grade 1 reading interventions within a CBM assessment system. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 34, 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/ldrp.12191

NICHD [National Institute of Child Health and Human Development]. (2000). Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction (NIH Publication, No. 00-4769). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Opper, I. M. (2019). Teachers matter: Understanding teachers’ impact on student achievement. Rand Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR4312.html

PBIS: Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports, OSEP Technical Assistance Center. (2017). Publications. https://www.pbis.org/publications/all-publications

Reynolds, D. (2020). Of research reviews and practice guides: Translating rapidly growing research on adolescent literacy into updated practice recommendations. Reading Research Quarterly, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.314

Russell, M. K., & Airasian, P. W. (2012). Classroom assessment: Concepts and applications (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Salvia, J., Ysseldyke, J. E., & Witmer, S. (2017). Assessment in special and inclusive education (13th ed.). Independence, KY: Cengage.

Schiller, E., Chow, K., Thayer, S., Nakamura, J., Wilkerson, S. B., & Puma, M. (2020). What tools have states developed or adapted to assess schools’ implementation of a multi-tiered system of supports/response to intervention frame-work? (REL 2020–017). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Educartion, Institute of Education Sciences. National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional and Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Appalachia.

Shanahan, T. (2020). Limiting children to books they can already read. AFT. https://www.aft.org/ae/summer2020/shanahan

Shanahan, T., Callison, K., Carriere, C., Duke, N. K., Pearson, P. D., Schatschneider, C., & Torgesen, J. (2010, September). Improving reading comprehension in kindergarten through 3rd grade: A practice guide (NCEE No. 2010–4038). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (NCEE), Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED512029

Shanahan, T., & Lonigan, C. J. (2013). Early childhood literacy: The National Early Literacy Panel and beyond. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.

Shinn, M. R. (Ed.) (1989). Curriculum-based measurement: Assessing special children. New York, NY: Guilford.

Simmons, D. C., & Kame’enui, E. J. (2003). A consumer’s guide to evaluating a core reading program grades K–3: A critical elements analysis. Eugene, OR: Institute for the Development of Educational Achievement.

Simmons, D. C., & Kame’enui, E. J. (2006, August). A consumer’s guide to evaluating a core reading program grades K–3: A critical elements analysis. Eugene, OR: Institute for the Development of Educational Achievement, College of Education, University of Oregon.

Slavin, R. (2018, April 5). New findings on tutoring: Four shockers. [Web log post]. https://robertslavinsblog.wordpress.com/2018/04/05/new-findings-on-tutoring-four-shockers/

Spear-Swerling, L. (2015a). The power of RTI and reading profiles: A blueprint for solving reading problems. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.

Spear-Swerling, L. (2015b). Common types of reading problems and how to help children who have them. Reading Teacher, 69(5), 513–522. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1410

Spear-Swerling, L., Brucker, P. O., & Alfano, M. P. (2010). Relationships between sixth-graders’ reading comprehension and two different measures of print exposure. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 23(1), 73–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-008-9152-8

Stecker, P. M., & Lemke, E. S. (2005). Advanced applications of CBM in Reading: Instructional decision-making strategies manual. National Center on Student Progress Monitoring. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED519250.pdf

Stein, M., Johnson, B., & Gutlohn, L. (1999). Analyzing beginning reading programs: The relationship between decoding instruction and text. Remedial and Special Education, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/074193259902000503

Steiner, D. (2017, March). Curriculum research: What we know and where we need to go. Standards Work. https://www.readingrockets.org/article/use-context-cues-reading

Stochard, J., Wood, T. W., Coughlin, C., & Khoury, C. R. (2018). The effectiveness of Direct Instruction curricula: A meta-analysis of a half century of research. Review of Educational Research, 88, 479–507. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654317751919

Swanson, E., Stevens, E. A., Scammacca, N. K., Capin, P., Stewart, A. A., & Austin, C. R. (2017). The impact of tier 1 reading instruction on reading outcomes for students in Grades 4–12: A meta-analysis. Reading and Writing, 30, 1639–1665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-017-9743-3

Torgesen, J. K. (2006) A comprehensive K–3 reading assessment plan: Guidance for school leaders. Portsmouth, NH. RMC Research Corporation, Center on Instruction.

Toste, J. R., Didion, L., Peng, P., Filderman, M. J., & McClelland, A. M. (2020). A meta-analytic review of the relations between motivation and reading achievement for K–12 students. Review of Educational Research, 90, 420–456. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654320919352

U.S. Department of Education. (2002). No Child Left Behind Act, 2001. http://www2.ed.gov/nclb/landing.jhtml

U.S. Department of Education. (2002). Reading First program state application. Washington, DC: Author.

U.S. Department of Education. (2008). Reading First impact study final report. Washington, DC: Author.

Vaughn, S., & Roberts, G. (2007). Secondary interventions in reading: Providing additional instruction for students at risk. Teaching Exceptional Children, 39(5), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/004005990703900506

Vincent, K. (2020). Closing the gap: Supporting literacy through a computer-assisted-reading-intervention. Support for Learning, 35, 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9604.12286

Weiss, S. L. (2013). Learning-related behaviors: Small group reading instruction in the general education classroom. Intervention in School and Clinic, 48, 294–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053451212472231

Wills, H., Kamps, D., Abbott, M., Bannister, H., & Kaufman, J. (2010). Classroom observations and effects of reading interventions for students at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 35(2), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426613476092

 

Course content is updated every three years. Due to this update timeline, some URL links may no longer be active or may have changed. Please type the title of the organization into the command line of any Internet browser search window and you will be able to find whether the URL link is still active or any new link to the corresponding organization's web home page.

3/11/21 JN